Which metric is used to quantify the spread of verification results?

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Spreads in verification results come from variability in measurements, and the measure that quantifies this dispersion is the standard deviation. It tells you, on average, how far each result lies from the mean—so a small standard deviation means results cluster tightly (high precision), while a larger one means more spread (lower precision). The other options don’t capture spread on their own: pass rate shows how often results meet a criterion, not how results vary; mean bias indicates average deviation from the true value, not the spread around that average; and control charts monitor variation over time and typically use spread concepts like standard deviation to set limits, but they’re a tool for tracking variation rather than a single metric of spread itself.